Kwijografi enkulu nengaqondakaliyo yeeAndes zasePeru, impucuko yakhula kumaxesha amandulo, ishiya uphawu olungacimekiyo kwimbali nakwiintliziyo zabo babethabatheke lixesha elidlulileyo. Inkcubeko ye-Huari, imvelaphi yayo ibuyele kwiminyaka engaphezu kwewaka, yayikummandla weqhinga le-Andes ephakathi kwaye yaphuhlisa uluhlu lwemisebenzi eya kuphawula ilifa layo ngokungapheliyo. Ukusukela ekuqaleni kwayo ukuya kuthi ga ekuwohlokeni kwayo, siza kuphonononga apho le nkcubeko yasekwa khona kwaye singene nzulu kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezizisele impumelelo kunye nokutya. Masifumane kunye iimfihlo ezigcinwe yinkcubeko yamaHuari kangangeenkulungwane kwimimandla yaseAndean.
Isalathiso semixholo
1. Ilifa lokhokho benkcubeko yaseHuari: imephu yembali kunye neyomhlaba
Kummandla omkhulu we-Andes yasePeru, kukho ubutyebi obuxabisekileyo obugcina phakathi kweencopho zayo ezigqunywe likhephu kunye neentlambo ezichumileyo ilifa lokhokho benkcubeko yaseHuari. Obu bukhosi bamandulo banda phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-6 neye-11 AD, bunwenwela kuyo yonke into esiyaziyo namhlanje njengePeru. Impembelelo yakhe yadlulela kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana kwaye umkhondo wakhe usekho nanamhla.
Imephu yembali kunye neyomhlaba yenkcubeko yaseHuari ityhila uthungelwano lweendlela ezidibeneyo kunye namaziko asezidolophini, awayeyinjini yokwandiswa nokuphuhliswa kwayo. Le nethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yeendlela zorhwebo kunye neenqaba ezibekwe ngokucwangcisekileyo zavumela i-Huari ukuba iseke amakhonkco enkcubeko kunye nemimandla eyahlukeneyo kunye needolophu ezikufutshane. Ezona zixeko zibalaseleyo zobukumkani yayingamaziko anegunya aliqela, njengekomkhulu laseHuari, iJayhua Marka, apho kwakukho iitempile ezinkulu zemibhiyozo kunye nezakhiwo ezenziwe ngobuchule bokwakha.
Ilifa lenkcubeko ye-Huari aliphelelanga kuphela kwimpembelelo yalo yezopolitiko kunye nezakhiwo, kodwa kunye nemveliso yobugcisa ecebileyo. I-Huari yagqama ekudalweni kweempahla ezintle ezihlotshiswe ngesimboli esingcwele kunye nobuchule obuyinkimbinkimbi bokuluka. Ezi zambatho zazisetyenziselwa imbeko koothixo bawo nokufuzisela iwonga lasekuhlaleni labantu abazinxibileyo. Ngaphaya koko, iiseramics zabo zobuhle obugqibeleleyo zisinika imikhondo exabisekileyo malunga ne-cosmology yabo kunye neendlela zabo zobomi. Ulwazi lwenkcubeko yaseHuari luhambo olunomdla ngokusebenzisa izithethe, iinkolelo kunye nempumelelo yabantu abashiye uphawu olungenakucimeka kwimbali yasePeru.
2. I-x-reyi yendawo yenkcubeko yamaHuari ePeru yamandulo
Inkcubeko yamaHuari, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiWari, yayiyimpucuko yangaphambi kweColumbian eyaphuhliswa kwiPeru yamandulo. Indawo yayo yejografi yandisiwe kuwo wonke ummandla wamasebe angoku ePeruvia eAyacucho, Huancavelica, Apurímac kunye nenxalenye yeCusco. Lo mmandla mkhulu wawuquka iindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zeAndes ukuya kumazantsi onxweme.
I-Huari yakha uthungelwano olubanzi lweendlela, ezaziwa ngokuba yi "Wari Roads", ezidibanisa amaziko abo asezidolophini kunye neenqaba. Ezi ndlela zazivumela unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo kwaye zazisetyenziselwa ukuthutha iimpahla nemikhosi. Iindlela zayo zazintsonkothile kangangokuba kukholelwa ukuba ziye zaphembelela uthungelwano lweendlela zamva zoBukhosi baseInca obudumileyo.
Inkcubeko yaseHuari ibonakaliswe yimpembelelo yayo enkulu kubugcisa, izakhiwo kunye neekeramics. Ababumbi bayo bavelisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zeengqayi neengqayi ezinemilo yejometri kunye nokuyilwa okuntsonkothileyo. Ngaphaya koko, i-architecture ye-Huari yayiphawuleka kwizakhiwo zayo zesikhumbuzo, njengeetempile kunye neendawo ezibiyelweyo ezinkulu. Ezi zakhiwo zabonisa amandla kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwale mpucuko yamandulo.
3. Inkcubeko yeHuari iyachuma: Ubalo-maxesha oluneenkcukacha zophuhliso lwayo
Impucuko yamaHuari, ekwaziwa ngokuba yinkcubeko yamaWari, yafumana inkcubeko echulumancisayo kuMbindi weAndes ngexesha elisusela kwinkulungwane yesi-6 ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-12 AD. Apha ngezantsi sinikezela ngolandelelwano oluneenkcukacha lophuhliso lwayo, lutyhila ezona ziganeko zibalulekileyo zembali. lo mbutho wezinyanya:
1. Ixesha lokuqala (600-800 AD):
- Kule nqanaba lokuqala, inkcubeko ye-Huari yahlala kwindawo yase-Ayacucho kwaye yandisa i-domain yayo kwezinye iindawo ezikufutshane, ngokwakhiwa kwamaziko omkhosi anomdla kunye neenqaba zokukhusela.
- Inkqubo karhulumente esembindini yasekwa kwaza kwaphuhliswa ubugcisa obuphambili bezolimo, nto leyo evumela ukwanda kwemveliso yezolimo kunye nokudityaniswa koqoqosho oluqinileyo nolunenkqubela.
- Ubugcisa be-Huari kunye ne-architecture zibonakaliswe ngesitayela sabo esahlukileyo, kunye neendonga zamatye ezihlanganiswe ngokugqibeleleyo kunye nemihlobiso ephezulu yokunceda ebonisa imifanekiso ye-mythological and ceremonial evela kwi-worldview yabo.
2. Ixesha loKwandiswa (800-1000 AD):
- Ngeli xesha, inkcubeko yaseHuari yandisa impembelelo yayo kwimimandla emikhulu ye-Andes Ephakathi, ukuseka iikholoni kunye namaziko olawulo kwiindawo ezicwangcisiweyo ezifana neCajamarquilla kunye nePikillacta.
- Urhwebo phakathi kwemimandla luye lwaqina, luququzelela ukutshintshiselana kwezolimo kunye neemveliso zobugcisa kunye neenkcubeko ezingabamelwane ezifana nenkcubeko yaseTiahuanaco. Oku kukhuthaze ukwamkelwa kweendlela ezintsha zobugcisa kunye nezimbo, ziphucula ngakumbi intetho yenkcubeko yamaHuari.
- Ukongeza, iindlela ezichukumisayo kunye nothungelwano lonxibelelwano lwakhiwa, ukuvumela ukuhlanganiswa ngokukhawuleza kwamajoni kunye nokuququzelela ulawulo lwezopolitiko kunye nolawulo kwimimandla eyoyiweyo.
3. Ixesha lokwehla (1000-1200 AD):
- Kule nqanaba lokugqibela lenkcubeko yaseHuari, ukuwohloka kwamandla ezopolitiko kunye nemimandla kubonakala, okukhokelela ekubonakaleni kweengxabano zangaphakathi kunye nokuchithwa kwesakhiwo sikarhulumente esiphakathi.
- Ngaphandle kokuncipha, impembelelo yenkcubeko yaseHuari yasinda kwezinye iindawo, njengakwingingqi yePachacámac, apho iindawo zokwakha kunye neendlela zabo zobugcisa zinokubonwa. Nangona kunjalo, inkcubeko yaseHuari yayeka ukuba negunya eliphambili kwi-Central Andes.
- Eli xesha lokuncipha liphawule ukuqala kwezinto ezintsha zenkcubeko nezopolitiko kulo mmandla, libeka iziseko zokuvela kwempucuko yamva efana ne-Inca Empire.
4. Iintsika ezisisiseko zempucuko yeHuari: ezolimo kunye nezakhiwo
Iintsika ezisisiseko zempucuko yaseHuari yayiyezolimo kunye nezakhiwo. Ezi zinto zimbini zaba sisiseko soluntu lwabo kwaye zaba negalelo ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko ephumelelayo kunye nenkqubela phambili kulo mmandla. Zombini ezolimo kunye noyilo lwezakhiwo zidlale indima ebalulekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla beHuari, ebavumela ukuba benze uluntu olucwangcisiweyo noluzinzileyo.
Ulimo lwaluyenye yezona zinto ziphambili kwimpucuko yaseHuari, njengoko yayibanika ukhuseleko lokutya oluyimfuneko ukuze bahlale bekhula ngokuqhubekayo. AmaHuari ayengamafama aziingcali kwaye asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwandisa imveliso yezityalo zabo. Balima iintlobo ngeentlobo zokutya, kuquka umbona, iitapile, iquinoa neembotyi. Ezi zityalo zazisisiseko sokutya kwazo kwaye zazinegalelo kwimpilo-ntle yazo ngokubanzi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-architecture ye-Huari iyaziwa ngobuchule kunye nobuhle bayo. I-Huari yakha izakhiwo ezimangalisayo ezisamangalisa abaphandi kunye nabakhenkethi bale mihla. Izakhiwo zakhe zaziwa ngobukhulu bazo obukhulu kunye noyilo oluntsonkothileyo. Basebenzisa amatye anzima kwaye bawadibanisa ngononophelo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa udaka, bebonisa ubuchule babo bobugcisa kunye nolwazi lokwakha. Ezi zakhiwo zazingasebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa zibuye zithandeke ngobuhle, zibonakalisa ingqiqo ye-Huari yobuhle.
5. Ubugcisa beHuari: ukubonakaliswa okuphilayo kobunikazi babo kunye nembono yehlabathi
Ubugcisa be-Huari yimbonakaliso ekhangayo ebonisa ubuni kunye nombono wehlabathi wale mpucuko yamandulo. Ngamazwi abo obugcisa ahlukeneyo, i-Huari yadlulisela indlela yabo yokuphila, iinkolelo zabo kunye nobudlelwane babo kunye nehlabathi elibangqongileyo. Enye yeempawu eziphambili zobugcisa beHuari yimvakalelo yayo enkulu yokunxibelelana nendalo, eyayithathwa njengengcwele kunye nomthombo wobomi.
I-Ceramics yayiyenye yeendlela ezisetyenziswa kakhulu yiHuari ukubonisa ubugcisa babo. I-Huari igqwesile kwimveliso yeenqanawa, iipleyiti kunye nezinye izitya, ezihlotshiswe ngeenkolo, izithethe kunye nezimboli. Uyilo lwejometri lwaluhlala rhoqo, lubonisa ubuchule kunye nokuchaneka kwamagcisa ayo. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kwemibala eqaqambileyo efana nobomvu, omnyama nomhlophe kwanceda ukugqamisa ubuhle bezi ziqwenga.
Enye into ephawulekayo yobugcisa be-Huari yi-architecture. Izakhiwo zakhe zazimihle, zinobuchule bokwakha obubalaseleyo nocwangciso oluchubekileyo. Iitempile zaseHuari, iibhotwe kunye neenqaba zaziyisikhumbuzo, kwaye zazibonakalisa ulawulo lwentlalo kunye namandla ale mpucuko. Ubukho bezinto zenkcubeko kwi-architecture yayo, njengemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye ne-reliefs, inike ingqiqo yesazisi esikhethekileyo kwizakhiwo zayo.
6. Inkqubo yezopolitiko yaseHuari: intlangano eyinkimbinkimbi kunye nephakathi
Inkqubo yezopolitiko yempucuko yaseHuari yayiyintlangano entsonkothileyo kunye nephakathi evelele ekusebenzeni kwayo kunye nolawulo. Ngolu lwakhiwo lwezopolitiko, i-Huari yakwazi ukulawula nokulawula imimandla emikhulu, ukuseka inethiwekhi yokulawula kunye nokusabalalisa izixhobo ngokufanelekileyo.
Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba inkqubo yezopolitiko yaseHuari yayisekelwe kwintlangano ye-hierarchical apho amandla asetyenziswa ngabantu abalawulayo. Eli qela liphezulu lalibunjwe ngamagosa aphakamileyo nabalawuli, ababenolawulo olukhulu ekuthathweni kwezigqibo nolawulo lwemimandla yaseHuari. Inkokeli ephezulu, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-curaca, yayinamandla apheleleyo kwaye ilizwi lakhe lalingumthetho kubukumkani baseHuari.
Ngapha koko, inkqubo yezopolitiko yaseHuari yaphawulwa ngokubekwa kwayo kwindawo eyodwa. Zonke izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zenziwa ngabaphezulu abalawulayo kwaye emva koko zadluliselwa kurhulumente wengingqi. Kwinqanaba lasekhaya, bekukho abalawuli abanyuliweyo ababenoxanduva lokuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo nemiyalelo yorhulumente omkhulu. Le centralization yavumela i-Huari ukuba isebenzise ulawulo olukhulu kwimimandla yabo kwaye igcine ubumbano kunye nokuzinza ebukumkanini babo.
7. Impembelelo yenkcubeko yaseHuari kwiidolophu ezikufutshane: ibhondi yenkcubeko engapheliyo
Inkcubeko yamaHuari, eyaziwa ngobungangamsha nobugocigoci bayo, yashiya uphawu olungacimekiyo kwiidolophu eziselumelwaneni zalo mmandla. Impembelelo yabo yadlula imiqobo yezejografi kwaye yahlala iinkulungwane, idala iqhina elihlala lihleli lenkcubeko. Ngenkqubela yabo yezobuchwepheshe, ukubonakaliswa kobugcisa, kunye neenkqubo zombutho wentlalontle, i-Huari yashiya uphawu olunzulu kubamelwane babo.
Enye yezona zinto ziphawulekayo zempembelelo ye-Huari kwiidolophu ezingabamelwane yayiyimpembelelo yayo kwizakhiwo. AbakwaHuari babeziingcali ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezinkulu zesikhumbuzo, besebenzisa ubuchule obuphambili obuquka ukusetyenziswa kwamatye nodaka. Ezi ndlela zoyilo zamkelwa ziidolophu ezingabamelwane, ezakha iitempile kunye nezakhiwo ezimangalisayo ezinobuhle obufanayo. Uninzi lwezi lwakhiwo zisenako ukunconywa kummandla, njengesikhumbuzo esibambekayo selifa lenkcubeko yeHuari.
Elinye ilifa elibalulekileyo lenkcubeko yamaHuari kwiidolophu ezingabamelwane yayisisitayile sabo sobugcisa. I-Huari yayiziingcungela ze-ceramics, i-metalworking kunye ne-textiles, idala iziqwenga ezikhethekileyo ezibonisa umbono wabo wehlabathi kunye nokudibanisa kwabo noThixo. Ezi zakhono zobugcisa zathunyelwa kwiidolophu ezingabamelwane, ezilungelelanisa ubuchule kunye nezitayela zeHuari zibe zobugcisa babo. Ubukho beempawu zoyilo kunye ne-motifs ye-Huari kwiziqwenga kunye neempahla zeedolophu ezingabamelwane bubungqina bale mpembelelo yenkcubeko enzulu.
8. Imikhosi yeHuari kunye nezithethe: uxhulumaniso lomoya kunye ne-cosmos
Inkcubeko yakudala yamaHuari, ekwabizwa ngokuba yinkcubeko yamaWari, yaphawulwa ngonxibelelwano lwayo olunzulu lokomoya kunye necosmos. Ngokusebenzisa uluhlu lwemikhosi engcwele kunye nezithethe, i-Huari yazama ukuseka imvisiswano phakathi koluntu kunye nendalo yonke eyayibajikelezile. Ezi zenzo zazigqalwa zibalulekile ukugcina ulungelelwano nokuqinisekisa ukuchuma kwempucuko yabo.
I-Huari yavelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemikhosi kunye nezithethe ezenziwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo onyaka nakwiindawo ezingcwele. Ezinye zezona zibalulekileyo zezi:
- I-Inti Raymi: umbhiyozo wokunika imbeko kuthixo weLanga Ebudeni balo msitho, iHuari yabulela iLanga ngamandla alo abalulekileyo nendima yalo ekuchumeni komhlaba.
- The Pachamama: isithethe sokuhlonipha uMama woMhlaba, esithathwa njengothixo obalulekileyo kumaHuari. Ngeminikelo nemithandazo, bafuna ukugcina ubudlelwane obuneziqhamo nendalo.
- ICapacocha: umsitho wokubingelela ngabantu oqhutywa ziindidi ezithile zoluntu lwaseHuari. Ngalo mnikelo, bakholelwa ukuba baqinisekisa ukulingana kwe-cosmic kunye nokukhuselwa kwempucuko yabo.
Ezi zenzo ezingcwele zibonisa ubulumko kunye nomoya we-Huari, owayeqonda ukuba ubukho babo budibene nehlabathi lasezulwini. Ngemisitho nezithethe, babefuna ukuzukisa izithixo, ukufumana iintsikelelo zabo, nokugcina imvisiswano kwindalo iphela. Ukongezelela ekudluliseni ingqiqo yokuzinikela, ezi zithethe zavumela ukuba i-Huari iqinise ubuni babo benkcubeko kunye nokugcina ilifa labokhokho.
9. Uyilo lweTela kunye nokuveliswa kwinkcubeko yeHuari: ukubonakaliswa kobuchule kunye nobuchule
Uyilo lweempahla kunye nemveliso kwinkcubeko yeHuari zenza ubonakaliso olulodwa lwezakhono kunye nobuchule. Ilaphu yayibambe indawo esembindini kubomi bale mpucuko yakudala yaseAndean, isetyenziselwa zombini iinjongo ezisebenzayo kunye nokubonisa imiqondiso yenkcubeko kunye neentsingiselo. Ngobuchule bokuluka kunye noyilo olucokisekileyo, iHuari ishiye ilifa elimangalisayo elisekho nanamhlanje.
Ikhono lamagcisa e-Huari ukwenza iimpahla ezintsonkothileyo, ezikumgangatho ophezulu ziyancomeka. Basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuluka, njengokuluka ngesandla okanye ukuluka izinto zokuluka, ukuze bavelise iintlobo ngeentlobo zempahla nezixhobo. Phakathi kwezinto ezilukiweyo eziphawulekayo ziingubo, iilaphu zokusonga kunye neetshefu. Ezi ziqwenga zihlotshiswe ngezoyilo zejometri eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukubonakaliswa kwezilwanyana kunye nemifanekiso yabantu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ezibonisa i-Huari worldview.
Ukudala kwakhona kwaba yinto eyahlukileyo kuyilo lwelaphu yeHuari kunye nemveliso. Amagcisa asebenzisa iindidi ezininzi zemibala, efunyenwe kwidayi yendalo ethatyathwe kwizityalo, iiminerali kunye nezilwanyana, ukudaya imisonto kunye nokwenza iipateni ezinamandla. Ukongeza, bazama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuluka kwaye bazihombisa iimpahla ngokuhombisa kunye ne-appliqués. Ezi nkcukacha zongeze umlinganiselo owongezelelweyo wobuhle kunye nobunzima kwiingubo ze-huari, ziguqule zibe zizinto zexabiso elikhulu lenkcubeko kunye nobuhle.
10. Ukubaluleka kweekeramics zeHuari: ifestile kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye neenkolelo
I-Huari ceramics bubuncwane be-archaeological esivumela ukuba sijonge kubomi bemihla ngemihla obunomdla kunye neenkolelo zale mpucuko yamandulo. Ezi ziqwenga ezixabisekileyo, ezenziwe ngobuchule kunye ne-delicacy, zibonelela ngefestile kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye ziveze iinkcukacha ezizodwa malunga nenkcubeko kunye nendlela yokuphila ye-Huari.
Iiseramikhi zeHuari zisithutha ukuya kwihlabathi apho unqulo nobomi bemihla ngemihla babunxibelelene ngokusondeleyo. Iintlobo zezinto ezenziwe ngodongwe ezafunyanwayo zisibonisa ukuba kumaHuari, ukunqula izithixo kwakuyeyona nto ibalulekileyo ebomini babo. Umzekelo ophawulekayo yimpahla yemikhosi, ehonjiswe ngemiqondiso kunye nokuyila emele oothixo, esetyenziselwa ukwenza izithethe ezingcwele kunye nemibhiyozo yonqulo.
Enye into enomdla evezwe nge-Huari ceramics bubomi bemihla ngemihla beli butho lamandulo. Ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zasekhitshini, ezifana neembiza, iipleyiti kunye neejagi, sinokugqiba ukuba kukuphi ukutya abakutyileyo, indlela abakulungiselele ngayo kunye nendlela abacwangcisa ngayo ukutya kwabo. Ngaphezu koko, imiboniso ebanjwe kwiinqununu ibonisa imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla efana nezolimo, ukuloba kunye nokuzingela, okusivumela ukuba sicinge ukuba ubomi babunjani ngamaxesha eHuari.
11. Iingcebiso zokuxabisa kunye nokugcina iindawo zenkcubeko yaseHuari
Kweli candelo, sinikezela ngeengcebiso ezithile zokuxabisa kunye nokugcina iintsalela zenkcubeko yamaHuari:
1. Masizihloniphe iindawo ngezakudala: Intsalela yenkcubeko yamaHuari ixabiseke kakhulu kwaye ifanelwe yimbeko yethu enzulu. Xa undwendwela indawo ye-archaeological, khumbula ukuhlonipha okusingqongileyo. Kuphephe ukubamba okanye ukonakalisa izakhiwo, musa ukushiya inkunkuma kwaye ulandele imiyalelo yabasebenzi abaphetheyo. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba ezi ziqwenga zembali zintle zihlala zinjalo kwaye zinokuxatyiswa zizizukulwana ezizayo.
2. Masilazi ibali lakhe: Ngaphambi kokundwendwela i-vestiges ye-Huari, kubalulekile ukufunda ngembali kunye nentsingiselo yazo. Phanda ngenkcubeko yaseHuari, ilifa layo lezinto zakudala kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwimbali yasePeruvia. Ngale ndlela, uya kuba nakho ukuqonda ngcono okubonayo kwaye uxabise ukubaluleka kwezi ndawo. Ukongeza, ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nenkcubeko yaseHuari kuya kukuvumela ukuba ukonwabele utyelelo lwakho ngakumbi.
3. Masenze igalelo kulondolozo: Njengeendwendwe, sinokuba negalelo ekulondolozweni kweendawo zaseHuari. Kuphephe ukuphatha izinto ezinokubangela umonakalo, njengeglasi okanye izitya zeplastiki. Musa ukubhala okanye ukuzoba kwizakhiwo kwaye ungacholi izityalo okanye iintyatyambo. Ukuba ufumana inkunkuma kwindawo, yithathe kwaye uyibeke kwiindawo ezichongiweyo. Inyathelo ngalinye esilithathayo ukulondoloza ezi sayithi lixabisekile kulondolozo lwazo lwexesha elide.
12. I-Huari: ilifa lenkcubeko elifanele ukuhanjiswa kunye nokuxatyiswa
Ifa lenkcubeko ye-Huari liyigugu elifanelwe ukwaziwa kwaye liyaxatyiswa ngumntu wonke. Le mpucuko yamandulo, eyakhula kwi-Andes yasePeru phakathi kwe-500 kunye ne-1200 AD, yashiya impembelelo enkulu kwimbali kunye nelifa lenkcubeko yalo mmandla. E-Huari, intuthuko enkulu yenziwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nezakhiwo, i-ceramics, iingubo kunye nokubonakaliswa kwezobugcisa, eziye zanyamezela iminyaka.
I-architecture ye-Huari iyamangalisa kwaye ibonisa ubuchule obukhulu kunye nolwazi lwale mpucuko. Iitempile zayo ezintle kunye nezakhiwo zibonisa ubuchule obukhulu bobugcisa kunye nocwangciso olucokisekileyo. Izakhiwo zaseHuari zibalasele kwiindonga zazo ezakhiwe kakuhle, ezinamatye aqingqwe ngocoselelo kunye nepateni ekhethekileyo yokwakha. Ngapha koko, isixeko esikhulu esinenqaba saseHuari, esikwindawo yobuchule, sibubungqina bombutho kunye nocwangciso lwedolophu.
Enye yezona zinto ziphawulekayo kwilifa lenkcubeko ye-Huari yi-ceramics yayo kunye neendwangu. Amagcisa e-Huari ayeyinkosi ekusetyenzisweni kombala kunye nokudala imifanekiso emihle yejometri. I-ceramics yabo, ehlotshiswe ngemibala eqaqambileyo kunye ne-motifs enzima, ngumzekelo wezinga eliphezulu lobuchule kunye nobuchule abanabo. Amalaphu e-Huari ayedume ngomgangatho kunye nobuhle bawo. Amalaphu ale mpucuko abonisa iindlela zokuluka ezintsonkothileyo kunye nemibala eqaqambileyo, kwaye ayesetyenziselwa zombini iimpahla kunye neenjongo zesithethe.
Q&A
Umbuzo:
Umbuzo: Yiyiphi indawo yendawo yenkcubeko yaseHuari?
A: Inkcubeko yamaHuari yayikuMbindi weAndes kwindawo ngoku eyiPeru.
Umbuzo:
Umbuzo: Loluphi uhlobo lwemisebenzi eyenziwa yinkcubeko yaseHuari?
IMPENDULO: Inkcubeko yaseHuari yaphawulwa ngobuchule bayo kwezolimo, ulwakhiwo, kunye nombutho wayo wentlalontle.
Umbuzo:
Umbuzo: Inkcubeko yamaHuari yaxhamla njani kwindawo yayo?
IMPENDULO: Indawo yenkcubeko yaseHuari yabanika ithuba lokufikelela kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemithombo yendalo, njengamanzi, umhlaba ochumileyo, kunye nezimbiwa, okubavumela ukuba baphumelele kwezolimo nakweminye imisebenzi yezoqoqosho.
Umbuzo:
Umbuzo: Ulimo lwenkcubeko yaseHuari lwaluquka ntoni?
A: Ulimo lwenkcubeko yaseHuari lwalusekwe ikakhulu ekulinyweni kombona, iitapile kunye nezinye izityalo ezifana neembotyi kunye nequinoa. Basebenzisa iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela eziphucukileyo ukunyusa imveliso.
Umbuzo:
Umbuzo: Yeyiphi eyona misebenzi yoyilo yenkcubeko yaseHuari?
A: Inkcubeko yaseHuari iyaziwa ngezakhiwo zayo ezikhangayo, ezifana ne-Huari Archaeological Complex, equka iitempile, iiphiramidi kunye neeplaza zemikhosi.
Umbuzo:
Umbuzo: Luhlelwe njani uluntu kwinkcubeko yaseHuari?
IMPENDULO: Uluntu lwaseHuari lwaququzelelwa ngokwamanqanaba, kunye neqela elilawulayo elikhokela ubukhosi obuphakathi. Kwakukho amanqanaba ahlukeneyo obuchule bomsebenzi.
Umbuzo:
Umbuzo: Yiyiphi impembelelo eyaba nayo inkcubeko yamaHuari kwimpucuko yamva?
A: Inkcubeko yaseHuari yayinempembelelo ebalulekileyo kummandla, kwiinkalo zenkcubeko kunye nesitayela sokwakha. Ilifa labo linokubonwa kwimpucuko eyalandela, njengenkcubeko yamaInca.
Ukuququmbela
Ngamafutshane, kuyamangalisa ukucinga indlela inkcubeko yamaHuari ephakame ngayo ngokumangalisayo kwindawo eyomileyo yemimandla ephakamileyo yasePeru yamandulo. Indawo yayo enobuchule kwintlambo yase-Ayacucho yavumela le mpucuko ingaqondakaliyo ukuba ichume kwaye iphuhlise imisebenzi yayo ngendlela emangalisayo. Ukusuka kwisiseko sabo sobufundisi kunye nokuvisisana ngokugqibeleleyo nendalo, i-Huari yamkela ubuchule obuphezulu bezolimo, yakha iinkqubo zemijelo enzima kunye nobuchule obugqibeleleyo bempahla. Ngaphaya koko, ilifa lakhe lobugcisa kunye noyilo loyilo lityhila isakhono sakhe sokukrola amatye kunye neeseramikhi zokuhombisa. Ngeendlela zabo zorhwebo, baye bayandisa impembelelo yabo kwaye batshintshiselana ngolwazi nezinye iinkcubeko, beshiya uphawu olungenakucimeka kumhlaba kunye nememori edibeneyo. Nangona ekugqibeleni ubukhosi babo baphela, ilifa lenkcubeko yabo lisekho nanamhlanje, lisikhumbuza ubukhulu novelwano lwabo babehlala kula mazwe okhokho. Inkcubeko yamaHuari, ubungqina bexesha elidlulileyo elikhethekileyo kunye nesikhumbuzo sokuba kwimbali kuhlala kukho okungakumbi ukufumanisa nokuqonda.