Wamkelekile kweli nqaku lomfundisi apho siza kuphonononga inkolo yeMixtecs. IiMixtec, abantu bomthonyama abanenkcubeko etyebileyo kunye nezithethe ezinzulu, baye bahlakulela iinkolelo zabo zokomoya kunye nezenzo zabo kangangeenkulungwane. Kuzo zonke iintaba neentlambo zaseOaxaca, eMexico, unqulo lweMixtec luye lwanda, luphumelela phezu kwako nje ukuhamba kwexesha neempembelelo zangaphandle. Kolu khenketho, siya kufumanisa iziseko zokholo lwabo, izithixo ezihlonelwayo kunye nemisitho engcwele eyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Zingene kwihlabathi lenkolo elintsonkothileyo leMixtecs kwaye utyhile iimfihlo zokunxibelelana kwabo noThixo.
Isalathiso semixholo
-Imbali yembali yeMixtecs: Imvelaphi kunye nendlela yenkolo
IiMixtec ngabantu bomthonyama abahlala kumazantsi eMexico, kwiphondo lase-Oaxaca. Imvelaphi yayo ibuyela kumaxesha angaphambi kweSpanishi, enembali etyebileyo nenomdla eshiye uphawu olunzulu kwinkcubeko yaseMexico. Olu luntu lubonise unxibelelwano oluluqilima kwinkolo yabo kwiinkulungwane, ngeenkolelo ezisekelwe kwimbono yehlabathi yaseMesoamerican.
Umzila wenkolo weMixtecs yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesazisi sabo. Umbono wabo wehlabathi ujikeleze ubudlelwane phakathi koothixo, abantu kunye nendalo. Inkolo kaMixtec iye yavela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, idibanisa izinto zeenkolelo zamandulo kunye neempembelelo zamaKatolika ezaziswa ngexesha lobukoloniyali baseSpain. Le ndibaniselwano ikhethekileyo iye yavelisa uhlobo lwenkolo ye-syncretic, apho zombini izithixo zangaphambi kweSpanishi kunye neengcwele zamaKristu zihlonelwa.
AbakwaMixtec benza intlaninge yemisitho yenkolo eyinxalenye yobomi babo ekuhlaleni. Le mibhiyozo iquka amasiko okubulela indalo, izibongozo eziya kwimpilo nenkqubela koothixo, kunye nemibhiyozo yokuzukisa iiholide zamaKristu. Ngexesha lemibhiyozo, iMixtecs yenza imidaniso yemveli kunye nemingcelele, isebenzisa iimpahla ezimibalabala kunye nezixhobo ezicacileyo. Unxibelelwano lwakhe noThixo ngomculo, ingoma kunye nomdaniso yimbonakaliso yobumoya bakhe obunzulu kunye nokuzinikela kwakhe kwinkolo.
-Iimpembelelo ze-Pre-Hispanic kwinkolo ye-Mixtec
Iimpembelelo ze-Pre-Hispanic kwinkolo ye-Mixtec yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni nasekuphuhliseni le nkcubeko yamandulo. I-Mixtec, abemi belizwe langoku lase-Oaxaca eMexico, bafunyanwa kwiinkolelo kunye nezithethe ezizuzwe kwiikhokho zabo uxhulumaniso olunzulu kunye nomhlaba kunye ne-cosmos.
Kunqulo lukaMixtec, kwakunqulwa izithixo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezazimela iinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zendalo. Abanye boothixo abakhulu ababenqulwa yiMixtec baquka uToci, isithixokazi somhlaba; uPiltzintecuhtli, uthixo wengqolowa; noCocijo, uthixo wemvula neendudumo. Ezi zithixo zazigqalwa njengemimoya ekhusela uluntu neyayizisa iintsikelelo zezityalo nempumelelo.
Unqulo lweMixtec lwaluphawulwa ngeentsomi nonqulo lwayo olutyebileyo. AbakwaMixtec bakholelwa kubukho behlabathi ezininzi kwaye bacinga ukuba oothixo babengabangeneleli ngokuthe ngqo kubomi bemihla ngemihla babantu. Ebudeni bemisitho yonqulo, kwakusenziwa amasiko aquka umculo, umdaniso, nokunikela ngokutya nezinto ezixabisekileyo. Olu qheliselo lwalunenjongo yokuzukisa izithixo nokufuna inkuselo nokhokelo lwazo kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi.
-Ukubambisana phakathi kwenkolo yookhokho kunye nobuKatolika kwiMixtecs
Ukuhlalisana phakathi kwenkolo yezinyanya kunye nobuKatolika phakathi kweMixtec ibe yinto esisiseko kwilaphu lenkcubeko nelomoya loluntu lwemveli. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, iiMixtec ziye zakwazi ukudibanisa iinkolelo kunye nezithethe ezivela kwisithethe sabo saseMesoamerican kunye nemigaqo kunye nezenzo zeCawa yamaKatolika, ukulungelelanisa ukholo lwabo kwimeko yabo kunye nokugcina ubuni babo.
Kubomi bemihla ngemihla beMixtecs, unokubona ukuba zombini iinkolo zihlala njani ngokuhambelanayo, zidibene kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Ezinye zeendlela ezibonisa oku:
- Umbhiyozo wemibhiyozo yenkolo edibanisa izinto zangaphambi kweSpanishi kunye nezamaKatolika, ezinjengomnyhadala weVeki eNgcwele, apho umngcelele uxutywa nomdaniso wesintu kunye nomculo womthonyama.
- Ukunqulwa kweengcwele neentombi ezinyulu, ekubhekiselwa kubo amagunya obuKatolika nawokhokho, beba ngabalamleli phakathi kobuthixo nomntu.
- Ubukho beeshaman okanye abaphilisi abathi, nangona babegqalwa njengeenkokeli zonqulo kwisithethe samandulo, nabo baye bazilungelelanisa izenzo zabo nembono yehlabathi yamaKatolika.
Oku kuhlalisana kwenkolo kuye kwavumela iMixtecs ukuba igcine ilifa lenkcubeko kunye nelomoya, ukudala ukudibanisa okukhethekileyo phakathi kwakudala kunye nentsha. Ngokudityaniswa kwezi nkonzo zimbini, iMixtec ikwazile ukugcina unxibelelwano olunzulu nookhokho babo kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, bafumana intuthuzelo kunye nesikhokelo kwinkolo yamaKatolika.
– I-syncretism yenkolo njengembonakalo yenkcubeko
I-syncretism yenkolo yimbonakaliso yenkcubeko enomdla eyenzeka kwimbali kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Esi siganeko sibhekisa ekudityanisweni nasekuxutyweni kweenkolelo nezithethe zonqulo ezahlukeneyo, okukhokelela kuhlobo olutsha, olulodwa nolunye lwenkolo. Ngokusebenzisa i-syncretism, izithethe zamandulo zithungelana neempembelelo ezintsha, zivelisa ukubonakaliswa okutyebileyo kokholo nenkcubeko.
Kwi-syncretism yezenkolo, izinto ezivela kwiinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zinokujongwa zidityaniswe kwaye zilungelelaniswe neemfuno zendawo kunye neemeko. Ngokomzekelo, kuMbindi Merika, sinokufumana uqheliselo nezithethe ezidibanisa ubuKatolika neenkolelo zomthonyama. Lo mxube ubangele imibhiyozo edumileyo efana noSuku Lwabafileyo eMexico, apho abantu abangasekhoyo ababathandayo banqulwa baze bakhunjulwe ngokudityaniswa kwezithethe zamaKatolika nezangaphambi kweSpanishi.
I-syncretism yezenkolo iphinda ibonise amandla oluntu ukuba alungelelanise kwaye aphile kwiimeko zenguqu kunye nekholoni. Ngokudityaniswa kweenkolelo kunye nezenzo, abathembekileyo bayakwazi ukugcina ubuni babo benkcubeko kunye nokomoya, ngelixa beqhelana nezinto ezintsha. Yimbonakaliso yeyantlukwano kunye nokomelela kweenkcubeko kunye nokukwazi kwazo ukuvela ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yingcambu yazo. I-syncretism yonqulo, ngoko, ngumzekelo wobutyebi bomntu kunye nobuchule bokukhangela izinto ezingcwele.
-Imisebenzi yeMixtec kunye nezithethe: ukujonga okunzulu
Kweli candelo, siya kungena kwihlabathi elinomdla lezenzo kunye nezithethe zenkcubeko ye-Mixtec, impucuko yamandulo enezithethe ezinzulu kunye neenkolelo. Ngolu joliso lunzulu, siya kufunda malunga nezithethe ezahlukeneyo ezaziyinxalenye yobomi babo bemihla ngemihla nezibanxibelelanisa nobungcwele.
– Umdaniso wezithixo: Kwinkcubeko yeMixtec, umdaniso wawunentsingiselo engcwele nengaphaya. I-Mixtec yenza imidaniso eyahlukeneyo yokuhlonela izithixo zabo kunye nokuseka unxibelelwano lokomoya. Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo nguMdaniso wezithixo, apho abathathi-nxaxheba babenxibe iimpahla ezimibalabala kunye neemaski ezimele izithixo. Intshukumo nganye kunye nentshukumo yayinomfuziselo onzulu, kwaye ngomdaniso, iMixtec yafuna ukubulela nokucela ukukhuselwa koothixo babo.
- Izithethe zokuhlanjululwa: Ukuhlanjululwa kwakuyinto ebalulekileyo kubomi beMixtecs, ababekholelwa ukubaluleka kokuhlanjululwa komzimba nomoya. Enye yezona zithethe ezaziwa kakhulu yi-temazcal, i-steam bath esetyenziselwa ukuhlambulula umzimba kuphela, kodwa nokuvuselela amandla omoya. Ukongezelela, izithethe zokuhlanjululwa nokuhlanjululwa zaziqhutyelwa kwimilambo engcwele okanye kwiingxangxasi, apho kwakusenziwa khona imithandazo neminikelo koothixo.
-Iminyhadala yokuvumisa: AbakwaMixtec babeluhlonela kakhulu ulwazi nobulumko. Ukuze bafumane iimpendulo kwimibuzo ebalulekileyo okanye benze izigqibo ezingaphaya kwamandla abo, babebhenela kubaxeli-thamsanqa okanye kubefundisi abaziingcali zokuvumisa. Aba befundisi babetolika amaphupha, bafunde ukubhabha kweentaka, okanye basebenzise umdlalo webhola njengendlela yokuvumisa. Imisitho yokuvumisa yayigqalwa njengezithethe ezingcwele yaye yayingqongwe ngabantu abangaqondakaliyo nabahlonelwayo.
Zingene kwihlabathi elintsonkothileyo leMixtec kunye nezithethe, inkcubeko esifundisa unxibelelwano olunzulu phakathi komntu kunye noThixo. Fumana ubuhle bemidaniso yabo, ukukhangela ukuhlanjululwa kunye nokuhlonipha ubulumko beminyanya kula masiko. I-Mixtecs ishiye ilifa elihlala likhona namhlanje kwaye isimema ukuba sixabise kwaye sigcine izithethe kunye neenkolelo zethu.
-Izithixo kunye nezithixo ezihlonelwayo yiMixtecs
IMixtec, impucuko yamandulo yaseMesoamerican eyayihlala kummandla omkhulu osemazantsi eMexico, yayinesithethe esityebileyo sokunqula oothixo nezithixo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ezi zithixo zazibhekwa njengabakhuseli kunye nababoneleli beMixtecs, kwaye babekholelwa ukuba banempembelelo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla.
Omnye wezithixo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwiiMixtec yayinguthixo wemvula, owaziwa ngokuba nguCocijo. Lo thixo wayenqulwa ngenxa yokubaluleka kwemvula kwizityalo kunye nokuphila kwabantu beMixtec. Kwakukholelwa ukuba iCocijo yayikwazi ukulawula izaqhwithi ize iqinisekise ukuchuma komhlaba, nto leyo eyayibalulekile ekuchumeni kwale dolophu.
Ukongezelela kuCocijo, abakwaMixtec babenqula abanye oothixo noothixokazi, abafana noXipe Totec, uthixo wenzala nowokuhlaziya. UXipe Totec wayesaziwa ngokukwazi kwakhe ukuvuselela ubomi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuchuma kwezityalo. Kwakhona kuthiwa unamandla okunika amandla eMixtecs emfazweni nasekukhuseleni ngamaxesha obunzima. Omnye uthixo obalulekileyo yayinguthixo wokufa, owaziwa ngokuba nguMictlantecuhtli, owayelawula umhlaba wabafileyo waza wagqiba ngekamva lemiphefumlo emva kokufa.
-Ukubaluleka kokomoya kubomi bemihla ngemihla beMixtecs
Umoya ube yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi bemihla ngemihla beMixtecs kangangeenkulungwane. Ukunxulumana kwabo noThixo kubanike ingqiqo yenjongo kunye nesikhokelo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobukho babo. Ngokusebenzisa izithethe, imikhosi, kunye nezenzo, iMixtec iye yahlakulela ubudlelwane obunzulu kunye nookhokho babo, indalo, kunye noothixo, abaye babumba kungekuphela nje indlela yabo yokucinga, kodwa kunye nokuziphatha kunye nemilinganiselo yabo.
Umoya weMixtec awuphelelanga nje kwinkolo, kodwa uphembelela yonke inkalo yobomi bemihla ngemihla. Kubo, ukudibanisa noThixo akusiyo nje isenzo sokholo, kodwa indlela yokufumana ibhalansi kunye nokuvisisana kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo. Umoya ubalathisa ekwenzeni izigqibo, ekusonjululweni kwempixano, nasekukhangeleni ukuphila komntu kunye noluntu. Kumalunga nokuphila ngokuvisisana nokusingqongileyo kunye nokuqaphela ukuthungelana kwazo zonke iintlobo zobomi.
Kubomi bemihla ngemihla beMixtecs, ubumoya buzibonakalisa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Amanye ala mabinzana aquka:
- Ukwenza amasiko nemisitho engcwele yokuzukisa oothixo nezinyanya.
- Ukuhlonipha nokukhathalela indalo, ukuyigqala njengento engcwele nomthombo wobomi.
- Ukuziqhelanisa nezithethe namasiko agqithiselwa kwisizukulwana ngesizukulwana.
- Khangela unxibelelwano nomoya ngokucamngca kunye nokucamngca.
- Ukuxabisa uluntu kunye nomanyano njengeentsika ezisisiseko zobomi babo.
Umoya kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla yeMixtecs ayiphelelanga nje kwiinkolelo ezingabonakaliyo, kodwa ibonakaliswe kwizenzo eziphathekayo ezifuna ukugcina ubuni babo benkcubeko kunye nobudlelwane babo kunye nehlabathi lomoya. Ngomoya wabo onzulu, i-Mixtec ifumene ikhampasi yokuziphatha kunye neemvakalelo ehamba nabo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ibanika imvakalelo yokuba kunye nenjongo ebomini.
-Indima yee-shamans kunye neenkokheli zenkolo kuluntu lwe-Mixtec
Kuluntu lweMixtec, ii-shamans kunye neenkokeli zenkolo zadlala indima ebalulekileyo njengabakhokeli bokomoya kunye nabalamli phakathi kwabantu kunye nehlabathi elingabonakaliyo. Aba bantu babenolwazi olunzulu ngamandla endalo yaye bekwazi ukunxibelelana nemimoya yezinyanya.
Ama-Shamans ayenoxanduva lokwenza imikhosi engcwele kunye nezithethe ezijoliswe ekugcineni ukulingana phakathi kwabantu kunye nendalo yendalo. Ngolwazi nobuchule babo bokomoya, bafuna ukunyanga izifo, ukukhusela uluntu kwiimpembelelo ezimbi, nokunikela ukhokelo kwabo babelufuna.
Kwelinye icala, iinkokeli zonqulo zadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwintlangano nakulawulo loluntu lweMixtec. Aba bantu babehlonelwa ngenxa yobulumko babo yaye babenembopheleleko yokwenza izigqibo eziyingenelo kubo bonke abantu basekuhlaleni. Ukongezelela, babenembopheleleko yokugcina nokudlulisela izithethe neenkolelo zookhokho kwizizukulwana ezizayo.
-Imingeni kunye nemiceli mngeni yokugcinwa kwenkolo yeMixtec
Omnye wemingeni ebaluleke kakhulu ekugcinweni kwenkolo ye-Mixtec yimpembelelo yokubambisana kwehlabathi kunye nokulahlekelwa kwesazisi senkcubeko. Kweli hlabathi linxibelelene ngakumbi, izithethe neenkolelo zisongelwa yimpembelelo yezinye iinkonzo nendlela yokuphila. Kubalulekile ukukhuthaza ulwazi kunye noxabiso lwenkolo ye-Mixtec phakathi kwezizukulwana ezitsha, ukuze eli lifa libalulekileyo lokomoya lingalahleki.
Omnye umngeni ekugcinweni kwenkolo ye-Mixtec kukunqongophala kwezixhobo kunye nenkxaso yeziko. Ukungabikho kwenkxaso-mali kunye neenkqubo zemfundo ezithile kwenza kube nzima ukusasaza ulwazi kunye nezenzo zonqulo kwizizukulwana ezitsha. Kubalulekile ukuba abasemagunyeni kunye nemibutho bazibophelele ekuxhaseni ukugcinwa kwenkolo ye-Mixtec, ukubonelela ngezibonelelo kunye neendawo zokusasazwa kwayo.
Ngaphezu koko, ukubekwa bodwa koluntu lweMixtec kunye nokufudukela kwamalungu abo kwiindawo zasezidolophini kubonisa umngeni omkhulu. Umgama wejografi kunye nokungabikho kokunxibelelana rhoqo noluntu lwemvelaphi kunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukwenza kunye nokuhanjiswa kwenkolo ye-Mixtec. Kuyafuneka ukukhuthaza ukwenziwa kothungelwano kunye nemibutho evumela iMixtecs ukuba iqhubeke nenkolo yabo, nangaphandle kweendawo zabo zemvelaphi.
- Ukugcina inkolo ye-Mixtec kufuna inzame ehlangeneyo evela kuluntu kunye namaziko anomdla kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo.
- Cwangcisa iminyhadala yenkolo kunye neminyhadala apho amasiko kunye nezenzo eziqhelekileyo zenkolo yeMixtec zinokuqhutywa.
- Seka iinkqubo zemfundo ezifundisa imbali, imilinganiselo, kunye nezenzo zonqulo zenkolo yeMixtec.
Ngamafutshane, Ukugcinwa kwenkolo ye-Mixtec ijongene nemingeni efana nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi, ukungabikho kwezixhobo kunye nenkxaso yeziko, kunye nokuhlukaniswa koluntu kunye nokufuduka. Ukuze unqobe le mingeni, kuyimfuneko ukukhuthaza ukuxabisa inkolo ye-Mixtec, ukubonelela ngenkxaso yemali kunye nemfundo, kunye nokukhuthaza ukudalwa kwamanethiwekhi avumela inkolo kwiindawo ezikude. Kuphela ngomzamo odibeneyo kuya kwenzeka ukuba kugcinwe oku kubonakaliswa okubalulekileyo kokomoya kunye nenkcubeko.
-Iingcebiso zokukhuthaza ukunyamezelana ngokwenkolo kwingingqi yeMixtec
Kwingingqi ye-Mixtec, iingcebiso ezahlukeneyo zinokuphunyezwa ukukhuthaza ukunyamezelana kwenkolo kunye nokukhuthaza ukuhloniphana phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Ezi zezinye zeembono ezinokunceda ukomeleza ukuhlalisana ngoxolo nemvisiswano:
1. Khuthaza iingxoxo ezibandakanya iinkolo: Lungiselela iintlanganiso kunye neetheyibhile zengxoxo apho abameli beenkonzo ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo kulo mmandla banokwabelana ngeenkolelo zabo, izithethe kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni. Oku kuya kunceda ukwazisa ngeyantlukwano yeenkolo kunye nokukhuthaza intlonipho nokuqondana phakathi kwabo bonke abahlali.
2. Ukufundisa iinqobo zokunyamezelana nentlonipho: Kubalulekile ukukhuthaza ukuxabiseka kokunyamezelana ngokwenkolo ezikolweni nakuluntu kwasebancinane. Oku kunokuphunyezwa ngeenkqubo zemfundo eziquka iimfundiso eziphathelele iiyantlukwano zonqulo nokubaluleka kokuhlonela iinkolelo noqheliselo lwabanye. Ukongeza, ukuququzelela iintetho kunye neendibano zocweyo ezijongana nesi sihloko nako kuya kuba luncedo kakhulu.
3. Bhiyozela imibhiyozo yonqulo edibeneyo: Bamba imisitho ebandakanya iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo kwingingqi yeMixtec, ukuvumela uluntu ngalunye ukuba lubonise kwaye lubelane ngezenzo nezithethe zalo. Le mibhiyozo iya kuvumela ukusondelelana kunye nokumanyana, ngaloo ndlela iqinisa amaqhina phakathi kweenkonzo ezahlukeneyo nokukhuthaza ukuhlalisana ngoxolo. Ukongeza, ezi holide zinokuba lithuba lokufunda ngakumbi malunga nomnye kunye nokufumanisa ukufana kunye nemilinganiselo ekwabelwana ngayo. Ngokudibeneyo ninokwenza amaxesha anamandla omanyano kunye nobuzalwana!
Ukukhuthazwa kokunyamezela inkolo kubalulekile ukudala uluntu olubandakanyayo kunye nolwahlukeneyo kummandla weMixtec. Ngezi ngcebiso kunye nezenzo, ukuhloniphana kunokomelezwa kwaye amaqhina phakathi koluntu lwenkolo eyahlukeneyo anokomelezwa. Luxanduva lomntu wonke ukusebenzisana ukwakha imeko-bume apho wonke umntu anokuhlala ngemvisiswano, sibhiyozele ubutyebi obuziswa ziinkolo ezahlukeneyo kummandla wethu. Simanyene kunyamezelo, singenza uluntu olunamandla!
-Ukubonakaliswa kwempembelelo yonqulo kwisazisi seMixtec
Inkolo ibisoloko idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwisazisi seMixtec, ingena kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngokucingisisa nzulu, siye saqonda ukuba le mpembelelo inamandla idale kwaye yomeleza njani uluntu lwethu kwiinkulungwane. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuphonononga ngeliso elibukhali ifuthe lenkolo kubume bethu ukukhuthaza ingxoxo evulekileyo neyakhayo.
Inkolo ibe yinjini yokubambisana kunye nobunye kubantu beMixtec. Izithethe zethu kunye nemisitho yenkolo idale ukuziva singamalungu kunye neengcambu kwinkcubeko yethu, ibumba ubuni beqela labantu bethu. Ukholo luye lwasinika inkqubo yemilinganiselo eqinileyo esikhokelayo kwindlela esinxulumana ngayo nabanye, sigcine imvisiswano nendalo, size sijamelane nocelomngeni lwemihla ngemihla.
Nangona unqulo luye lwanendima engaphaya kobuntu bethu, asinakuyibetha ngoyaba into yokuba luye lwaphakamisa imibuzo kwaneengxaki zoluntu lwethu. Siye sanamava ongquzulwano kunye neeyantlukwano malunga nokutolikwa kweemfundiso zonqulo. Oku kubangele ukuba sicinge ngokubaluleka kokunyamezelana kunye nentlonipho kwiinkolelo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zomoya ezikhoyo kuluntu lwethu nakwihlabathi jikelele.
-Iindlela eziya ekuqondeni ngakumbi inkolo yeMixtec
Ehlabathini lenkolo ye-Mixtec, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezikhokelela ekuqondeni okukhulu kunye nokuxhamla ngokomoya. Le mizila yalandelwa zizinyanya zeMixtec kwaye idluliselwe ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwesinye, igcina isithethe senkolo esityebileyo sale dolophu. Emva koko, siza kuphonononga ezintathu zezi ndlela zisimema ukuba sihlolisise ubulumko kunye neemfihlelo zenkolo ye-Mixtec.
1. Amasiko kunye nemisitho engcwele: Amava amasiko adlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkolo ye-Mixtec, evumela abanquli ukuba badibanise noThixo kwaye badlule imida yomhlaba. Ezi zithethe zinokuquka ukunqula izithixo, ukunyuswa kokutya nezinto ezingcwele, imingqungqo namaculo. Ngokuthatha inxaxheba ngokusebenzayo kule mibhiyozo, i-Mixtecs ifuna ukuhlambulula umoya wabo kunye nokuseka ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye nengcwele.
2. Intsomi kunye nembono yehlabathi: Intsomi yeMixtec ibandakanya indalo enkulu yezithixo, abantu basentsomini kunye namabali angcwele. Ngokufunda la mabali, iMixtecs inokufumana ukuqonda okunzulu ngembono yabo yehlabathi kunye nemigaqo elawula ubukho babo. Intsomi ye-Mixtec inikezela ngombono okhethekileyo kunye nexabiso ekudalweni kwehlabathi, ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu kunye noThixo, kunye neenqobo kunye nokulunga ekufuneka kuhlakulwe kubomi bemihla ngemihla.
3. Ubulumko babadala: Abadala boluntu lweMixtec banobulumko obuxabisekileyo obuqokelelwe kule minyaka idlulileyo, isiphumo solwazi lwabo olunzulu lwenkolo nesithethe. Ngokunxibelelana kunye nokufunda kubadala, amalungu amatsha oluntu anokufumana ukuqonda ngakumbi kwezithethe zeMixtec, izenzo, kunye neenkolelo zonqulo. Ukuhanjiswa komlomo kobu bulumko bakudala kuqinisekisa ukuba akulahlekanga ngexesha kwaye ivumela inkolo ye-Mixtec ukuba ihlale ibalulekile kwaye ifanelekile namhlanje.
Q&A
Umbuzo: Iyintoni inkolo yeeMixtec?
Impendulo: IMixtec, njengamanye amaqela amaninzi omthonyama eMexico, anembono yenkolo esekelwe kwizithethe neenkolelo zabo zamandulo, abazizuze njengelifa kookhokho babo. Nangona inkolo yobuKristu ibisoloko ichazwa kubo ngenxa yenkqubo yovangelo ngexesha lobukoloniyali, inyani kukuba inkolo yeMixtec intsonkothile kwaye yahlukile.
Umbuzo: Ngaba unokucacisa okungakumbi ngeenkolelo zonqulo noqheliselo lweeMixtec?
Impendulo: Inkolo yeeMixtec isekelwe kwinkolelo kwizidalwa zomoya, ezibajonga njengezithixo zabo kunye nabagcini babo. Ezi zidalwa zinxulunyaniswa neenkalo ezahlukeneyo zendalo, ezinjengeentaba, imilambo, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Ngapha koko, bakholelwa kubukho bomntu owongamileyo, obizwa ngokuba yi-"Ñuhú", ongaphezu kwazo zonke izithixo kwaye uthathwa njengomdali wendalo iphela.
Umbuzo: Yeyiphi eminye yemisitho okanye izithethe ezenziwa ngabakwaMixtec kunqulo lwabo?
Impendulo: AbakwaMixtec benza imikhosi eyahlukeneyo kunye nezithethe unyaka wonke ukuze bahlawule izithixo zabo kwaye bafune ukukhuselwa kunye neentsikelelo zabo. Phakathi kwezi zithethe, kugqalwa imibingelelo nemithandazo, eqhutyelwa kwiindawo ezigqalwa njengezingcwele, njengasemiqolombeni okanye ezintabeni. Kukwaqhutywa nemidaniso yesithethe, apho abathabathi-nxaxheba banxiba iimpahla zemveli baze benze iintshukumo ezifuziselayo bezukisa izithixo zabo.
Umbuzo: Ngaba kukho nayiphi na impembelelo evela kwezinye iinkolo kwi-Mixtec worldview?
Impendulo: Ngexesha lamathanga aseSpeyin eMexico, iMixtec yaboniswa ubuKristu kwaye yanyanzeliswa ukuba yamkele iinkalo ezithile zolu nqulo. Noko ke, phezu kwayo nje impembelelo yobuKristu, abakwaMixtec bakwazi ukugcina uninzi lweenkolelo nezithethe zabo zonqulo. Ukuhlalisana kwezi nkonzo zimbini kuye kwavelisa ubunzima kwi-Mixtec worldview.
Umbuzo: Ngaba kukho iindawo ezinikezelwe kunqulo lweMixtec?
Impendulo: I-Mixtec iqhuba imikhosi yabo yonqulo kunye nezithethe kwiindawo ezingcwele, ezibhekwa njengeendawo zokuxhuma phakathi kwehlabathi elibonakalayo kunye nehlabathi elingokomoya. Ezi ndawo zisenokuba ziintaba, imiqolomba, imilambo okanye nakwiindawo ezihlala kuzo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba izenzo zonqulo ze-Mixtec azikhawulelwanga kwindawo enye yomzimba, kodwa zikhona kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi babo bemihla ngemihla.
Umbuzo: Inkolo yeMixtec ibe nefuthe njani kwinkcubeko yeli qela lemveli?
Impendulo: Inkolo ye-Mixtec ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekwakhiweni kwesazisi senkcubeko yeli qela lemveli. Iinkolelo nezithethe zabo zonqulo ziye zafak’ isandla ekomelezeni imvakalelo yawo yokubandakanyeka nomanyano njengebutho labantu. Ngaphaya koko, umbono wehlabathi weMixtec uphembelele indlela yabo yokunxulumana nendalo kunye nokugcinwa kwelifa lenkcubeko yabo kwiinkulungwane.
Ukuququmbela
Ekugqibeleni, inkolo yeMixtec iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesazisi sabo senkcubeko kunye nokomoya. Ukutyhubela imbali, baye bahlala bebambelele kwiinkolelo zabo yaye baye bakwazi ukugcina ilifa lezinyanya zabo liphila ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla. Nangona beye banamava empembelelo yangaphandle baza bamkela iinkalo ezithile zezinye iinkonzo, ezinjengobuKatolika, intliziyo yokholo lwabo ihleli yeyomthonyama yaye isekelwe kunxibelelwano lwendalo nokunqula izinyanya zabo. KwiMixtec, inkolo yabo iyintsika esisiseko ebanika amandla kunye nethemba phakathi kobunzima. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela nokuxabisa esi sithethe sityebileyo somoya, esiye sanyamezela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, nokuqhubeka nokukhuthaza intlonipho nokugcinwa kwelifa lenkcubeko. Kwihlabathi eliya lisanda ngokwandayo, kubalulekile ukuxabisa nokufunda kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkolo nezomoya, kwaye ke ngoko sikhulise ukuqonda kwethu kunye nokutyebisa thina.