Phakathi kwamahlathi ashinyeneyo, amanxuwa angaqondakaliyo kunye nezithethe zookhokho, iNkcubeko yamaMaya imile ngokumangalisayo. Ngeengcambu zayo ezimiliselwe ngokunzulu kwimbali yaseMexico, le mpucuko yakudala ibiyinto enomdla kunye nophando kangangeenkulungwane. Kule nqaku, siza kuphonononga umsebenzi oxabisekileyo weZiko leSizwe le-Anthropology kunye neMbali (INAH) ekugcinweni nasekufundeni iNkcubeko yaseMayan. Ngomsebenzi wayo wokwalusa ongathabathi cala nozinikeleyo, i-INAH idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni nasekusasazeni eli lifa lixabisekileyo ukulungiselela isizukulwana sangoku nesezayo. Ukususela ekugrunjweni kwezinto zakudala ukuya ekudalweni kweemyuziyam kunye neenkqubo zemfundo, makhe sihlolisise ihlabathi elimangalisayo leNkcubeko yamaMaya kunye ne-INAH, ubuncwane obubini obungenakuhlukaniswa obugcina ilifa lookhokho bethu bephila.
Isalathiso semixholo
INAH Inkcubeko yaseMayan: Ukuqaphela ilifa lembali yabantu baseMeya
AmaMaya ayeyimpucuko yamandulo eyashiya ilifa elixabisekileyo lembali. Ngezithethe zabo, ubugcisa bokwakha kunye nemiboniso yobugcisa, bakwazile ukwenza inkcubeko ekhethekileyo enyamezele ixesha elide. Ukususela kwiipiramidi ezinkulu zaseChichén Itzá ukuya kwiifresco eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifunyenwe eBonampak, abantu baseMeya babonisa ulwazi olunzulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.
Iziko leSizwe le-Anthropology kunye neMbali (INAH) ithathele ukuzinikela ekuqondeni nasekugcineni eli lifa lembali. Ngokusebenzisa uphando lwezinto zakudala kunye ne-anthropological, kuye kwenzeka ukucacisa inxalenye ye-cosmology ye-Mayan enzima, ukuqonda iinkqubo zabo zezolimo kunye nokutyhila izitshixo zenkqubo yabo yokubhala nge-hieroglyphic.
Namhlanje, i-INAH isebenza ngokusondeleyo kunye noluntu lwaseMeya ukukhuthaza intlonipho kunye nokugcinwa kwezithethe zabo zenkcubeko. Ngeenkqubo zemfundo kunye neeprojekthi zokuhlangula zelifa, sifuna ukuxhobisa abemi baseMeya kunye nokuqinisa ubuni babo benkcubeko. Lo msebenzi uquka umbutho wemithendeleko yemveli, iindibano zocweyo zomdaniso kunye nomculo, kunye nokukhuthaza ukhenketho olunoxanduva kwiindawo zakudala zaseMayan.
Ukuphonononga ubuncwane be-archaeological ye-INAH yeNkcubeko yaseMayan
Ukufumana ubuncwane be-archaeological ye-INAH yeNkcubeko yaseMayan
Zintywilisele kuhambo olunomdla ngokuhamba kwexesha njengoko uphonononga ubuncwane obuxabisekileyo bezinto zakudala zeNkcubeko yamandulo yaseMayan, egcinwe ngononophelo yiNational Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH). Ngena kwihlathi elishinyeneyo kwaye ufumanise ubukhulu bempucuko eshiye uphawu lwayo kwimbali yaseMesoamerica.
Kula mazwe angaqondakaliyo, uya kufumana iinqaba ezinkulu kunye neetempile eziya kukusa kumaxesha akude agcwele imfihlakalo kunye nobuqaqawuli. Hamba kwiindlela zamandulo kwaye umangaliswe bubuchule benkqubo yoxinzelelo lwehydraulic ebonise ubulumko obukhulu bamaMayans kwimiba yobunjineli. Jonga umfanekiso onomtsalane kunye nezibingelelo ezibalisa amabali oothixo namagorha awayelawula eli lizwe lingcwele.
- Jonga isixeko esikhulu saseChichén Itzá, esibhengezwe njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yiUNESCO. Ungaphoswa nguEl Castillo, omnye wemimangaliso esixhenxe yehlabathi lanamhlanje, nolwakhiwo olumangalisayo kunye nembali eya kukushiya ungathethi.
- Ngena ehlathini kwaye ufumanise isixeko esintsonkothileyo sasePalenque, esaziwa ngeTempile yayo yeMibhalo, apho ingcwaba elidumileyo likaKumkani uPakal likhona, lelinye lawona manqaku abalulekileyo afunyenwe kwi-archaeological kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
- Ndwendwela indawo enomtsalane yezinto zakudala zeTikal, ekwihlathi laseGuatemala. Zivumele umangaliswe ziiphiramidi ezide kunye neentyatyambo eziluhlaza ezijikelezileyo, ngelixa uzintywilisela kumlingo wesinye sezona zixeko zindala zenkcubeko yamaMaya.
Qalisa kwi-adventure ekhethekileyo ngokusebenzisa obu buncwane be-archaeological, apho ubungangamsha benkcubeko yaseMayan kunye nomsebenzi wokugcinwa kwe-INAH buhlangana ndawonye ukukushiya uphefumula. Zicwilise kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye uvuse umoya wakho wokuhlola kwezi ndawo zingcwele zaseSpanishi eziqhubekayo ukubamba umhlaba ngobuhle bazo kunye nemfihlakalo.
Ubukhazikhazi boyilo lweMayan: iiphiramidi ezingaqondakaliyo kunye neetempile
Uyilo lwe-Mayan lugqamile ngenxa yobuhle kunye nemfihlakalo, kwaye iiphiramidi kunye neetempile zezona zibalaseleyo zale mpucuko inkulu. Ulwakhiwo olunexabiso leMayan aluzange lusebenze nje kuphela njengamaziko omkhosi kunye nenkolo, kodwa njengemiqondiso yamandla kunye newonga. Ukuba ngamangqina athuleyo enkcubeko enomdla, iphiramidi nganye kunye netempile zisithutha ukuya kwixesha eligcwele iimfihlakalo ukuze sifumane.
Iiphiramidi zamaMaya, njengePiramidi edumileyo yaseKukulcán eChichén Itzá, ziphawulwa ngolwakhiwo lwazo olumangalisayo kunye nokuchaneka kwezibalo. Ezi zakhiwo zibalaseleyo zakhiwa kusetyenziswa ubugcisa obuphezulu bokwakha, ebonisa ukuzinikela nolwazi olubalaseleyo. Iphiramidi nganye yamaMaya yenziwe ngoluhlu lwamaqonga awelanayo, okwenza isakhiwo esinesitebhisi esiphelela kwitempile ephezulu.
Iitempile zamaMaya, kwelinye icala, ziindawo ezingcwele ezinikezelwe koothixo nemisitho yonqulo. Ezi zakhiwo zintle zihonjiswe ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ebonisa oothixo nabalawuli. Iitempile zazikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza amadini ngabantu namadini koothixo. Ubungangamsha bezakhiwo zaseMayan busithutha kwihlabathi eligcwele intsingiselo kunye nemfihlakalo, apho inkolo kunye nobuthixo yayiyimiba ebalulekileyo yobomi bemihla ngemihla.
Ukungena kwi-cosmology yamaMaya kunye neenkolelo: uhambo oluya kwixesha elidlulileyo
Kolu hambo lunomdla oluya kwixesha elidlulileyo siya kuntywila kwi-enigmatic cosmology kunye neenkolelo ezinzulu zempucuko yamandulo yamaMaya. Ngolwakhiwo olunomtsalane loyilo kunye nemibhalo yabo engaqondakaliyo yehieroglyphic, amaMayans ashiye ilifa elingenakuthelekiswa nanto elisimema ukuba siphonononge indlela yabo yokukhawula umhlaba kunye nobomi.
Enye yeenkolelo eziphambili zamaMaya yayikukubaluleka kwendalo kunye nobudlelwane bayo nabantu. Kubo, umhlaba wawungcwele kwaye into nganye yendalo yayinamandla akhethekileyo. Ngokukwanjalo, babekholelwa kubukho beenqwelomoya ezahlukeneyo ze-cosmic kunye nezaphezulu, apho oothixo bamaMaya banxibelelana nabantu. Le mbono yehlabathi entsonkothileyo kunye neneenkcukacha ibingumxholo wokufunda kunye nomdla kwiingcali amashumi eminyaka.
Inkalo ebalulekileyo ye-cosmology yeMayan yikhalenda yabo eyinkimbinkimbi, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Tzolk'in." Le khalenda yokuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi yayisekelwe kwimijikelo yelanga neyenyanga, ivumela amaMayans ukuba aqikelele iziganeko zenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi aze aseke amasiko enkolo asekelwe kolu qwalaselo. Ngoluhlu lwabo lolwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, amaMayans azibona eyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yendalo yonke, ebanika imvakalelo yobunye kunye nokunxibelelana nendalo iphela.
Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni uhlolisisa olu lwazi lubangel’ umdla lweminyanya olutyhila umbono wehlabathi owahluke ngokupheleleyo kulowo wanamhlanje. Ngolu hambo lokuhamba ixesha, uya kukwazi ukuncoma ubukhulu bempucuko yaseMaya kwaye uqonde ukuba iinkolelo zabo kunye nembono yehlabathi zayitshintsha njani indlela yabo yokuphila. Zingene kubutyebi be-cosmology yeMayan, fumana iintsomi zabo kunye neentsomi kwaye ube namava onxibelelwano olunzulu olwalunayo le mpucuko yakudala kunye nendalo kunye nendalo iphela.
Ukufumanisa ubugcisa beMayan obungaqhelekanga: imbonakalo yenkcubeko ekhethekileyo
Ubuchwephesha bobuMaya obungaqhelekanga: ukubonakaliswa kwenkcubeko eyodwa
Zingene kwihlabathi elinomdla lobugcisa beMayan, umboniso wenkcubeko othabathe izizukulwana ngobuhle kunye nokugqwesa kwawo. Fumana indlela amaMayans akudala akwazi ngayo ukwenza imisebenzi yobugcisa eqhubeka ukumangalisa umhlaba kude kube namhlanje.
- Ubumbi bukaMayan: Yithakazelise uyilo oluntsonkothileyo kunye nemibala eqaqambileyo yodongwe lwaseMayan. Ezi ziqwenga zikhethekileyo ziyisampulu yobuchule obumangalisayo ababenabo amaMayans ngaphezulu kobu buchule bakudala. Isitya ngasinye, ipleyiti okanye umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ubalisa ibali, ebonisa ubomi bemihla ngemihla, oothixo kunye neentsomi zaba bantu bamandulo.
- Ilaphu leMayan: Yonganyelwa bubutyebi kunye nobugocigoci bamalaphu aseMayan. Ngokusebenzisa imisonto emihle kunye nokuhonjiswa okumibalabala, amaMayans enza imisebenzi yobugcisa eyinyani ngohlobo lweengubo, iimpahla kunye nezixhobo. Isambatho ngasinye sasiyingqayizivele kwaye sibonakalisa inkqubo enzima yesimboli kunye nezithethe zenkcubeko yamaMayan.
- Ubucwebe beMayan: Phonononga ilizwe lobucwebe beMayan, apho iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezifana negolide kunye nesilivere zadityaniswa namatye anqabileyo kuyilo olucokisekileyo. AmaMaya asebenzisa ezi zacholo njengemiqondiso yesimo kunye namandla, kwaye iinkcukacha nganye zinentsingiselo ekhethekileyo. Ukusuka kwizacholo kunye neentsimbi zomqala ukuya kumacici kunye nemisesane, iqhekeza ngalinye liyimbonakaliso yobuchule kunye nokugqwesa kwamagcisa aseMayan.
Fumanisa ubuchwephesha bobuMaya obungaqhelekanga kwaye ungene kwihlabathi eligcwele umbala, imbali kunye nenkcubeko. Nganye yale ndalo ibubungqina obuphilayo bobuchule kunye nobuchule bamaMayans amandulo, kunye nefestile kwindalo yabo enomdla. Yiba nesibindi sokuphonononga le ntetho yenkcubeko ekhethekileyo eqhubeka imangalisa abantu basekhaya kunye nabasemzini namhlanje.
Iincasa zookhokho be-Mayan gastronomy: isithethe esimnandi sokupheka
Ilifa elityebileyo lokupheka kwimpucuko yamandulo yaseMayan ishiye ilifa leencasa ezikhethekileyo nezinencasa ezidluliselwe kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. I-Mayan gastronomy yimbonakaliso yelifa lenkcubeko kunye noqhagamshelwano olunzulu ababenalo kunye nendalo kunye nemijikelo yezolimo. Ubuchule bayo bokupheka, izithako kunye neziqholo zemveli zenza ukutya kweMayan kube ngamava akhethekileyo kwaye anomdla kwi-gastronomic.
Iincasa zookhokho be-Mayan gastronomy zibonakaliswa ngokusetyenziswa kwezithako zasekhaya kunye nezintsha ezifunyenwe emhlabeni naselwandle. Ezinye zezithako eziyimifuziselo yithanga, itumato, itshili, i-cilantro, i-annatto kunye nombona, ezithathwa njengezingcwele ngamaMayans. Ukudityaniswa kwezi zithako kudala izitya ezizele yimizobo eyahlukeneyo kunye neencasa ezithe zatsala inkalakahla yabantu kwihlabathi liphela.
Enye yezona zinto zinomdla kakhulu kwi-Mayan gastronomy kukugxila ekulinganisweni kweencasa kunye nokuthungwa. Ukutya kwamaMaya akumnandi nje kuphela, kodwa kunomsoco kwaye kunokulinganisela. AmaMayya amandulo ayekholelwa ngokubaluleka kokugcina ulungelelwano phakathi kwamaqela okutya ahlukeneyo, njengenyama, iinkozo, iziqhamo kunye nemifuno. Ukongeza, basebenzisa iindlela zokupheka ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwamatye ashushu okanye ukutshisa, okubangele izitya ezizele yincasa kunye nentetho ekhangayo.
Ubutyebi bezityalo kunye nezilwanyana kwiindawo ze-archaeological zaseMayan
Kwiindawo zakudala zaseMayan, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana zaphila ngokubonakalayo kunye nombono oqaqambileyo. Ubutyebi bendalo bezi zixeko zamandulo babumangalisa nje. Ukwahlukahlukana kwemithi, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezifumaneka kule mimandla kwaba ngumthombo wokuncoma amaMayans kwaye zisaqhubeka zibangela umdla iindwendwe namhlanje.
Ihlathi elingqonge iisayithi zamaMaya lalikhaya leentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo ezibonelela ngendawo yokuhlala ekhethekileyo yezilwanyana. Imithi emikhulu efana ne<em>ceiba kunye ne<em>sapote yayinceda ekwenzeni i-canopy eluhlaza eyayinikela umthunzi ize ikhuseleke kwingqatsini yelanga. Phakathi kwamatyholo kunye nezityalo eziphantsi, kwakukho izityalo zonyango ezifana ne-aloe vera kunye ne-copal, apho amaMayans ayesetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo.
Izilwanyana kwiindawo zakudala zaseMayan zazininzi kwaye zahlukene. Iintaka ezimibalabala njengeequetzal neetoucans zazalisa umoya ngesandi sazo esincumisayo, ngoxa iinkawu ezikhwazayo zazijinga kumasebe emithi. Iinyoka ezinetyhefu ezifana ne-coralillo zazizimele kwintshinyela, ngoxa iijaguar neepumas zazincathama zifuna amaxhoba. Ezi zilwanyana zazigqalwa njengezingcwele ngamaMayans kwaye uninzi lwazo lwabonakala kubugcisa babo kunye neentsomi.
Ukugcina iNkcubeko yeMayan INAH: iingcebiso zolondolozo
KwiZiko leSizwe le-Anthropology kunye neMbali (INAH), sisebenza nzima ukugcina nokukhusela inkcubeko yamaMaya ecebileyo kunye nentsonkothileyo. Ukutyhubela iminyaka yophando, siye saqokelela ulwazi oluxabisekileyo kunye neengcebiso eziya kunceda ekulondolozweni kobu butyebi buxabisekileyo.
Omnye wemiba esisiseko yokugcina inkcubeko yamaMaya lukhathalelo olufanelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwezakhiwo zayo. Kubalulekile ukwenza uhlolo oluthe gqolo ukubona umonakalo onokwenzeka kunye nokulungiswa okuyimfuneko. Ukongezelela, kubalulekile ukuphepha ukunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo nezakhiwo, ekubeni ukuhamba rhoqo kwabantu kunokubangela ukuguguleka kunye nokukhawuleza ukuwohloka.
Enye ingongoma ebalulekileyo yokugcina inkcubeko yamaMaya kukugcinwa kwezinto zayo zakudala kunye neziqwenga zembali. Ezi zinto zixabisekileyo zibalisa ibali lempucuko enika umdla kwaye kufuneka ziphathwe ngononophelo olukhulu. Ukukhusela kwabo, sincoma ukuwagcina kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo nezilawulwayo, apho ukushisa okwaneleyo kunye nomswakama kunokuqinisekiswa. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukunqanda ukunxibelelana ngqo nezandla zakho kwaye usebenzise iiglavu xa uziphethe. Masikhumbule ukuba yonke into eyenziweyo iyifestile yexesha elidlulileyo kwaye kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo nazo zinokubuxabisa ubuhle kunye nentsingiselo yayo.
Ukukhuthaza ukhenketho oluzinzileyo kwiindawo zaseMaya: utyalo-mali kwixesha elizayo
Ubutyebi benkcubeko kunye nendalo yeendawo zaseMayan bubutyebi obuxabisekileyo obufanele ukugcinwa nokuxabiswa. Ukhenketho oluzinzileyo luvela njengenye indlela enoxanduva nenengqiqo ukukhuthaza uphuhliso loqoqosho kolu luntu, ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni okusingqongileyo okanye ilifa lenkcubeko eliphawulwayo kubo.
Ngotyalo-mali kukhenketho oluzinzileyo kwiindawo zaseMaya, sibheja ngekamva elinempumelelo nelilinganayo kubemi bayo. Le ndlela ijonge ukubonelela ngamava ayinyani ahlonipha inkcubeko yasekhaya, ukuvelisa amathuba engqesho kunye nokuxhobisa uluntu ukuba luthathe inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kuphuhliso lwalo. Ngaphaya koko, ukhenketho oluzinzileyo lukhuthaza ulondolozo lwemithombo yobutyebi bendalo, lukhuthaza izenzo ezibonisa uxanduva ezikhusela iintlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo kunye nokuhlonela ukulingana kwendalo.
Ukhenketho oluzinzileyo kwimimandla yaseMayan lukhuthaza imfundo kunye nokuxabisa inkcubeko yookhokho aba bantu. Ngeenkqubo zokutshintshiselana ngenkcubeko, iindibano zocweyo kunye nemisebenzi yokuthatha inxaxheba, kwakhiwa ibhulorho phakathi kweendwendwe kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni, ukukhuthaza intlonipho, ukuqonda kunye nokuncoma izithethe kunye nolwazi lwamaMeya. Ngokunjalo, ukuvuselelwa kunye nokuvuselelwa kwezenzo zobugcisa kunye nezokupheka kuyakhuthazwa, kugcinwe isazisi senkcubeko kunye nokunika abatyeleli amava atyebisayo kunye nokwenyani.
Ukucacisa i-hieroglyphics yamaMaya: umngeni kwabo banomdla wokubhala
Zingene kwihlabathi elinomdla le-hieroglyphs yamaMayan kwaye ufumane umngeni abawumeleyo kwabo bathanda ukubhala. Le mizobo yakudala yegraphic yifestile kwinkcubeko kunye nempucuko yamaMayans amandulo, enika ukuqonda okuxabisekileyo kwimbali yabo, intsomi kunye nezithethe.
I-alfabhethi yamaMaya, eyaziwa ngokuba yinkqubo yokubhala ye-hieroglyphic, yisethi enzima yeempawu ezimele izandi, amagama kunye neengcamango. Ukuziqonda kufana nokutyhila intsonkotha, umsebenzi ofuna umonde, ulwazi nokuzinikela. Njengoko ungena kweli hlabathi lingaqondakaliyo, uya kudibana noluhlu olubanzi lweemotifs ezibandakanya abantu, izilwanyana, izityalo kunye nezinto zendalo, nganye inentsingiselo yayo kunye nesimboli.
I-hieroglyphs yamaMaya ayiyona nje indlela yokubhala, kodwa kunye nohlobo lobugcisa. AmaMayya ayeziingcali ekudibaniseni iisimboli zabo ukwenza iingoma ezibonwayo ezineenkcukacha ezimangalisayo nezinomtsalane. Ubuhle bale mizobo yemifanekiso ngumzekelo wetalente yobugcisa kunye nobunzulu benkcubeko yale mpucuko yamandulo.
Ukucinga ngelifa lentlalontle nezopolitiko likaMayan: izifundo zexesha elidlulileyo okwangoku
Impucuko yamaMeya ishiye ilifa elixabisekileyo ngokwentlalo nezopolitiko, kwaye ukucinga ngeli lifa kusinika izifundo ezibalulekileyo esinokuzisebenzisa ngoku. Ngenkqubo yawo yoburhulumente entsonkothileyo, amaMayans akhuthaza ibutho labantu elilungeleleneyo nelinobulungisa, apho ilizwi lomntu wonke laliviwa yaye amalungelo omntu ehlonelwa. Umzekelo wabo usimema ukuba sikhuthaze intatho-nxaxheba yabemi kwaye someleze amaziko ethu edemokhrasi.
Inkalo ephawulekayo yelifa lentlalontle yaseMayan yinto ebalulekileyo abayinika uluntu kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwamalungu ayo. AmaMeya ahlala kwiidolophana kunye nezixeko apho babelane ngezibonelelo kwaye basebenze kunye ukuze bafezekise impilo-ntle efanayo. Le ngcamango yentsebenziswano ibaluleke kakhulu namhlanje, apho sijongene nemingeni yehlabathi efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokungalingani. Ukulandela umzekelo wamaMeya, sinokukhuthaza ubumbano kunye nokusebenza kunye ukuze sifumane izisombululo kwezi ngxaki ezichaphazela bonke abantu.
Esinye isifundo esibalulekileyo esisinikwa lilifa leMeya yintlonelo enzulu ngendalo kunye nonxibelelwano phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo. AmaMaya ayewujonga uMhlaba njengomama kwaye ayekuqonda ukubaluleka kokukhathalela nokugcina okusingqongileyo. Le ndlela isikhumbuza ngemfuneko yokwamkela izenzo ezizinzileyo nezilungele ukusingqongileyo, sifuna ulungelelwano phakathi kweemfuno zethu kunye nokukhuselwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokufunda kumaMayans, sinokukhuthaza ukulondolozwa kwemithombo yethu yendalo kwaye siqinisekise ikamva elizinzileyo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.
Ukuvuselela izithethe zamaMeya: iingcebiso zokukhuthazwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokuxabisa
Inkcubeko yamaMaya yenye yezona zinto zityebisayo kwaye zinomdla kwihlabathi, zigcwele izithethe zookhokho eziye zadluliselwa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ezi zithethe zixabisekileyo bezisengozini yokuphela. Yingakho namhlanje sifuna ukwabelana ngezinye iingcebiso zokuvuselela nokukhuthaza ixabiso lenkcubeko yezithethe zamaMeya.
1. Yomeleza imfundo: Kubalulekile ukubandakanya ukufundiswa kwezithethe zamaMaya kwikharityhulam yemfundo yezikolo zasekuhlaleni. Oku kuya kuvumela izizukulwana ezitsha ukuba ziqonde kwaye zixabise ubutyebi benkcubeko yookhokho bazo. Ukongeza, iinkqubo zokutshintshiselana ngenkcubeko kufuneka zisekwe phakathi koluntu lwaseMeya kunye nezinye iinkcubeko, ngaloo ndlela kukhuthazwa iingxoxo kunye nokuxabisana.
2. Ukuxhasa amagcisa aseMayan: Abachwephesha baseMeya bangabathwali bolwazi olukhulu lwezinyanya olubonakaliswa kwiimveliso zabo. Kubalulekile ukubabonelela ngenkxaso yemali kunye nokukhuthaza ukuyilwa kwabo kuzwelonke nakwihlabathi jikelele. Ukudalwa kokubambisana kwezobugcisa, ukulungelelaniswa kwemiboniso kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi yenkcubeko yimilinganiselo enokuthi ibe negalelo ekuqapheliseni kwabo kunye nokomeleza umsebenzi wabo.
3. Gcina iindawo ze-archaeological: Iindawo zakudala zaseMayan ngumzekelo ocacileyo wobukhulu nobulumko bale mpucuko yamandulo. Kubalulekile ukuzigcina nokukhuthaza ukufikelela kwazo ukuze abantu basekuhlaleni nabakhenkethi bazazi kwaye bafunde kuzo. Ngokunjalo, intlonipho kunye nolondolozo lwendalo engqongileyo yendalo ebangqongileyo kufuneka iqinisekiswe, kuthintelwe ukuxhatshazwa okungakhethiyo.
Q&A
Umbuzo: Yintoni i-INAH kwaye yintoni ubudlelwane bayo kunye nenkcubeko yamaMeya?
A: Iziko leSizwe le-Anthropology kunye neMbali (INAH) liziko laseMexico elijongene nophando, ukugcinwa kunye nokusasazwa kwelifa lenkcubeko. I-INAH inomdla omkhulu wokugcina nokukhusela ilifa lenkcubeko yamaMaya, kuba le yenye yezona mpucuko zibalulekileyo kwimbali yangaphambi kweColumbian kwaye ishiye ilifa elixabisekileyo kwilizwe lethu.
Umbuzo: Zeziphi ezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zenzululwazi ngezakudala zenkcubeko yamaMaya eMexico?
A: Phakathi kwezona ndawo ziphawulekayo ze-archaeological sites zenkcubeko yamaMaya eMexico yiChichén Itzá, iTulum, i-Uxmal kunye nePalenque. Ezi ndawo zamkelwa kwihlabathi liphela ngolwakhiwo olunomtsalane, imizobo kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ebonisa ulwazi oluphambili lwenzululwazi kunye nenkcubeko yamaMayans amandulo. Ukongeza, ubuhle babo bendalo kunye neemfihlakalo ezibangqongileyo zibenza badume kakhulu kwiindawo zokukhenketha.
Umbuzo: I-INAH ibe negalelo njani kuphando kunye nokugcinwa kwenkcubeko yamaMeya?
A: I-INAH idlale indima ebalulekileyo kuphando kunye nokugcinwa kwenkcubeko yamaMeya. Ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zayo ezininzi zokumba izinto zakudala, izifundo ze-anthropological kunye nokugcinwa kwesikhumbuzo, i-INAH ikwazile ukufumana ulwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nempucuko yaseMayan eye yasivumela ukuba sityebise ukuqonda kwethu imbali kunye nezithethe zayo. Ukongeza, i-INAH inoxanduva lokusasaza olu lwazi ngeemyuziyam, iimpapasho kunye neenkqubo zemfundo.
Umbuzo: Yintoni ukubaluleka kokugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yamaMayan?
A: Ukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yamaMayan kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba imele inxalenye esisiseko yesazisi saseMexico nobuntu ngokubanzi. Ilifa lenkcubeko yamaMaya lisixelela ngempucuko ehambele phambili kakhulu kwezenzululwazi, ngeenkwenkwezi, kwizibalo nakwezobugcisa. Ngaphezu koko, izithethe zayo ezityebileyo zenkcubeko, inkqubo yayo yokubhala kunye nolwazi lwayo kwezolimo namayeza zisifundisa izifundo ezibalulekileyo esinokuzisebenzisa nanamhlanje. Ukugcinwa kwezi ndawo ze-archaeological kunye nezinto zabo ezingcwele kusivumela ukuba sidibanise nexesha lethu elidlulileyo kwaye siqonde ngcono imbali yethu.
Umbuzo: Ndingandwendwela njani iindawo zakudala zenkcubeko yamaMaya eMexico?
A: Ukutyelela iindawo zakudala zenkcubeko yaseMayan eMexico, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uzazise kwangaphambili malunga neeyure zokuvula, amaxabiso kunye namanyathelo olondolozo okufuneka ahlonishwe ngexesha lokutyelela. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukulandela imiyalelo yezikhokelo kunye nokuhlonipha imithetho esekiweyo yokunyamekela nokugcina ezi ndawo zembali. Xa undwendwela ezi ndawo, kubalulekile ukubonisa intlonipho yelifa lenkcubeko kunye nendalo ebangqongileyo, ngaloo ndlela inegalelo ekulondolozweni kwenkcubeko yamaMaya kwizizukulwana ezizayo.
Isishwankathelo
Isishwankathelo, iZiko leSizwe le-Anthropology kunye neMbali (INAH) ibe yintsika ebalulekileyo ekugcinweni nasekuhanjisweni kweNkcubeko yaseMayan ecebileyo. Ngomsebenzi wabo ongadinwayo, siye sabona indlela inkumbulo yale mpucuko yamandulo eye yagcinwa iphila ngayo.
Ukususela ekukhuselweni kwezikhumbuzo ze-archaeological kuphando oluqhubekayo kwimiba yembali kunye nenkcubeko yamaMeya, i-INAH idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekomelezeni ubuni bethu njengamaMexico kunye nokuqatshelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe ubukhulu bale mpucuko.
Ukutyelela rhoqo kwindawo ye-archaeological site yaseMayan, yonke into eboniswe kwimyuziyam, isikhumbuza ubunzima kunye nobuhle bale nkcubeko. Ngombulelo kumsebenzi ozinikeleyo we-INAH, namhlanje sinokuncoma iipiramidi ezithandekayo, imizobo yamatye, ukuchaneka kweekhalenda zayo kunye nemimangaliso yobugcisa kunye noyilo.
Kungumsebenzi wethu ukuxabisa nokuhlonipha ilifa leNkcubeko yaseMayan, kwaye i-INAH isinika izixhobo eziyimfuneko zokwenza njalo. Ulwazi kunye nokuxabisa imbali yethu kunye nenkcubeko iyasityebisa njengoluntu, kwaye isinika unxibelelwano olunzulu kwixesha lethu elidlulileyo.
Njengenxalenye yotshintsho oludibeneyo, kubalulekile ukuba siqhubeke sixhasa iinzame ze-INAH zokugcina nokukhuthaza iNkcubeko yamaMaya. Sikunye, sinokuqinisekisa ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo nazo zinethuba lokonwabela nokufunda kubukhulu bale mpucuko.
I-INAH iNkcubeko yamaMeya ihlala kumntu ngamnye kuthi, kwaye luxanduva lwethu ukuqhubeka sisasaza kwaye siyikhusele ukuze ingaze ilibaleke. Ngombulelo kumsebenzi ongadinwayo we-INAH, sinokuqiniseka ukuba ilifa le-Mayan liya kuqhubeka likhanya nabo bonke ubukhazikhazi balo ebomini bethu nakubomi bezizukulwana ezizayo.